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初中英语语法知识精讲精练:形容词、副词

2009-12-03  作者:匿名  来源:网络  进入论坛

  形容词、副词   (一) 知识概要   形容词的用法很活跃,在英语中用处也很多,但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同,要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词......

  [正] The sick man nearly died.

  [析] ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。如:He is ill sick, ill作定语时则另有他意,如:ill luck (厄运),ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好)

  [误] I have important something to tell you.

  [正] I have something important to tell you.

  [析] 不定代词something, anyone, somebody…在用形容词修饰时,形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词,不符合上述规律。如:I have an important thing to tell you.

  [误] I'll be free on next Sunday.

  [正] I'll be free next Sunday.

  [析] 在表达将来时的时候:next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介词。

  [误] The girl is twoyear old.

  [正] The girl is two years old.

  [正] She is a twoyearold girl

  [析] 由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词,在学习时要记住两点,其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式,如:twothousandword report(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语,即用于名词之前,而不能作表语。

  [误] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.

  [正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.

  [析] 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时,其顺序如下。

  1. 指示代词,定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少,新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料

  但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。

  如: What a pretty little white horse!

  Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 

  [误] The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.

  [正] The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.

  [析] good是形容词,这里是修饰动词speak的,所以应用副词well,但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如:He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。

  [误] The children play on the grass nappyly.

  [正] The children play on the grass happily

  [析] 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.

  [误] The teacher looked angry at the students.

  [正] The teacher looked angrily at the students.

  [析] 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词,这时它是修饰主语的,如:The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为:"老师生气地看着学生",所以应用副词形式。

  [误] He worked with me friendly.

  [正] He was friendly to me.

  [析] 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词,但friendly是形容词,这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, lively…monthly weekly…。但其中有些词既是副词,又是形容词,如:early, hourly, monthly…

  [误] You can speak free in front of your friends.

  [正] You can speak freely in front of your friends.

  [析] free作为形容词意为"自由的,有空闲的,免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的,随便的"。这些要注意的词还有:hard 努力,艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟,晚lately 最近的,最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎

  [误] They must have arrived till now.

  [正] They must have arrived by now.

  [析] by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生,所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在,所以一定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。

  [误] Someone called you right now.

  [正] Someone called you just now.

  [析] just now有两个意思,其一是"刚才",其二是"现在",而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态,如: I have just finished my homework.

  [误] My father will be back from America at present.

  [正] My father will be back from America presently.

  [析] presently有两个意思:其一是最近,不久,其二在美语中是现在之意,与at present相同。而for the present为暂时,如: I teach English in the school for the present.

  [误] I'll be back at the moment.

  [正] I'll be back in a moment.

  [析] at the moment 其意为"现在,当时",而in a moment意为"马上过一会",与in a minute意思相近。

  [误] The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.

  [正] The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.

  [析] on time为"准时",而in time有两个含意。其一是"及时",如:The doctor arrived in time。其二是"将来,终究"。

  [误] I met an old friend sometimes last month.

  [正] I met an old friend sometime last month.

  [析] Sometime 过去,或者将来某时。Sometimes 有时

  如: Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些时间 

  如: I need sometime to do my homework. Some times 几次 

  如: I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.

  at times 有时,偶尔

  at all times 经常

  some other time 改天 

  [误] I had met an old friend three days ago.

  [正] I had met an old friend three days before.

  [正] I met an old friend three days ago.

  * ago 用在时间状语中时,主句中谓语动词一般用过去时,而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。

  [误] He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam.

  [正] He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam.

  [析] in the end=at last 意为"最终,终于",表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何,如:At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

  [误] I will come here to help you each three days.

  [正] I will come here to help you every three days.

  [析] every three days 为"每三天",即每隔二天,而every other day为每隔一天。

  [误] He didn't go to the cinema yesterday. and I didn't go, too.

  [正] He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either.

  [析] 英语中表示"也",有4个字,also, as well, too, either,但either用于否定句中,而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾,而also则可用于句中。如:She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如: I've also read her other novels.

  [误] We should help the poor girl in anyway.

  [正] We should help the poor girl in any way.

  [析] anyway为"不管怎么"讲,"无论如何",如:What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

  any way 为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中,如:

  everyday 日常的 every day 每天

  faraway 遥远的 far away 远离

  altogether 总计 all together 一块,大家一起

  already 已经 all ready 全准备好了

  [误] You can come to the doctor's at anytime.

  [正] You can come to the doctor's at any time.

  [析] anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。

  [误] She said nearly nothing.

  [正] She said almost nothing.

  [析] nearly 与 almost的含意相近,在很多场合可以互换,但在否定词前用almost。

  [误] There are too much mistakes in your homework.

  [正] There are too many mistakes in your homework.

  [析] too much 后接不可数名词,如:There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可数名词,much too 后面加形容词,如:It is much too difficult to learn English well.

  [误] It is late enough that we can go home now.

  [正] It is late enough for us to go home now.

  [析] 要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式,或不定式的复合结构:for somebody to do something。

  [误] The twins are very alike.

  [正] The twins are much alike.

  [析] 用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰,一般要用much来修饰。

  [误] - How long does he write to his parents?

  - Once a week. 

  [正] - How often does he write to his parents?

  - Once a week. 

  [析] 英文与中文表达法不同,隔多长时间办一次某事,实际上问的是该事发生的频率,所以要用how often。

  [误] As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you.

  [正] As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up.

  [析] 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后,如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。如:I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以讲: Please turn the TV on.

  [误] He drove quickly his new car.

  [正] He drove his new car quickly.

  [析] 副词在句中的位置很活,但主要有以下几种用法:①实意动词之前,如:He quickly give me the answer. ② 在be动词之后,如:The little boy is often late for class. ③ 第一助动词之后,如:This book has almost been finished. ④ 在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前,如: Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间,如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词

  词组作宾语则才可以这样用:

  He heard clearly what the teacher said.

  [误] The children came late yesterday to the cinema.

  [正] The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

  [析] 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中,可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。

  [误] You have few new books, haven't you?

  [正] you have few new books, have you?

  [析] 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少,几乎没有),a few(有一些,几个);修饰不可数名词的有little (很少,几乎没有),a little(有一点,有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句,而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。

  [误] He spent quite little money on his food.

  [正] He spent quite a little money on his food.

  [析] quite a 为一固定用法,其意为"十分,相当,所以"。 quite a few=many, quite a little=much 而only a little=little, only a few=few.

  [误] Do you want to have many bread?

  [正] Do you want to have some bread?

  [析] some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词,在一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句和否定句,但在希望得到肯定答复时,应用some。 其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。

  [误] Please tell me where the shoes shop is?

  [正] Please tell me where the shoe shop is.

  [析] 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时,这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式,如:

  a shoe shop 鞋店

  a fruit shop 水果店

  a book shop 书店

  a post office 邮局

  a police station 警察局

  a bus stop 汽车站

  [误] He is weak at physics.

  [正] He is weak in physics.

  [析] 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something, 而其反意词为be bad at something, 但be weak in something。

  [误] This dictionary is worth to buy.

  [正] This dictionary is worth buying.

  [析] be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事,又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。

  [误] Don't afraid of that.

  [正] Don't be afraid of that.

  [析] afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有:

  be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心

  be certain of 有把握,确定 be sure of 确信

  be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶

  be fond of 喜欢

  [误] The work has already been done well.

  [正] The work has already been well done.

  [析] well 与badly作副词时,表示好坏,如果句子是被动语态,则应放在过去分词之前,如:This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态,则应放于句末,如:I did my homework well.

  [误] We are yet in the classroom now.

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