名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,the Great Wall, America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family,class, team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。
名词一览表
专有名词London, John, the Communist Party of China
集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people
物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:
1.一般情况加s,如:pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map-map , boy-boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus-buses,class-classes,其读音为[iz]。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy-boys,day-days。
5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,piano-pianos
6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。
7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
8. 单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep,deer…
9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s',如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
例题解析
1. Lucy and Lily___in the same class.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
[答案]C.
[析]由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。
2. Which is the ___to the bus stop, please?
A road B way C street D address
[答案]B.
[析]这是考察同意词辨析,road是指较宽阔的大道,意为"乡间公路",而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高,可视为街道之意,而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径,还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为"地址"。如:There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum?
3. Hurry up!There is___ time left.
A little B a little C few D a few
[答案]A.
[析]因time作为时间讲为不可数名词,所以不可用few,a few来修饰。另外,英文的表达法与中文不同,中文讲,快点,时间不多了,而英文要讲,快点,没时间了。因此,要用little而不用a little.
4. How many ___can you see in the picture?
A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato
[答案]B.
[析]用How many提问时,其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.
5. - ___is the meat. Please?
- Ten yuan a kilo.
A How much B How many C How old D How long
[答案]A.
[析]由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多少都是不可数名词,要用how much 提问。
6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is___.
A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green
[答案]A.
[析]英文的习惯与中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文则是姓在最后,其第一个名字是由父母所起的,中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.
7 Shanghai is one of the biggest___in our country.
A city B city's C citys D cities
[答案]D.
[析]复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。
8 Would you please pass me___?
A two paper B two papers
C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers
[答案]C.
[析]paper是不可数名词,如讲一张、两张纸时,要用量词piece.
9 September 10th is ___Day.
A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers'
[答案]D.
10 I only have___ bread for lunch today.
A a bit B a bit of C little D few
[答案]B.
11 "What would you like, Ann? ""I'd like two___."
A glass of milk B glasses of milk
C glass of milks D glasses of milks
[答案]B.
12 There isn't ___ paper in the box. Will you go and get ___ for me?
A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any
[答案]A.
[析]any用于否定句与疑问句,但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时,问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.
13 June 1st is___.
A Children's day B children's Day
C Children's Day D children's day
[答案]C.
14 These foreign friends are___.
A German B Germen C Germany D Germans
[答案]D.
15 All the students are busy, so___ of them will go to the cinema.
A many B little C a few D few
[答案]D.
[析]student是可数名词,而few用于可数名词,意为:几乎没有学生去电影院。
16 There are three___and seven___in the picture.
A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep
C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps
[答案]C.
[析]deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。
17 Whose room is this? It's___.
A my B Kike's and John's
C our D Kike and John's
[答案]D.
[析]因为room为单数,所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间,应为二者共用的一间房子。